BIOELECTROGENESIS. Which animals can produce Electricity??? Know Here

The process of electricity generation in living organisms is called Bioelectrogenesis. Although plant cells exhibit light-induced electrogenesis and some microbial cells are also capable of generating electric currents, Biolectrogenesis is utilized by these creatures for hunting prey, self-defense, electrocommunication, and/or electrolocation purposes. Following are few of the examples :---

i) Electric Ray Fish:

The electric rays are cartilaginous fishes comprising the order Torpediniformes. There are about 69 species of these rays. The most distinguishing feature of these fish is their ability to produce electric discharges that are used to stun their prey or as a mechanism of defense. The rays are capable of producing electric discharges ranging from 8 to 220 volts. The best-known members of the electric rays are those belonging to the Torpedo genus.

The electric rays inhabit shallow coastal waters up to a depth of at least 3,000 feet. These rays feed on small fish and vertebrates and use electricity generated by them to stun and capture the prey. The electric rays have been known for their electrogenic properties since antiquity. The ancient Greeks would use the electricity generated by these rays to numb pain caused during surgeries and childbirth. As per the accounts of an ancient Roman physician, the electrical properties of the torpedo fish were used for treating gout and headache.

Electric ray Fish

ii) Electric Catfish:

The electric catfish are catfish of the family Malapteruridae, that has two genera and 19 species. Many of the species of this family are capable of generating electric shocks of up to 350 volts. The electric catfish are found in the tropical regions of Africa and the Nile River. They are nocturnal and carnivorous. They feed on other fishes, fish eggs, detritus, and invertebrates with the food habit varying by species. The electric catfish use electric shock as a means to stun their prey. The electric catfish is the only catfish group that has electrogenic organs that are well-developed. Interestingly, ancient Egyptians would utilize the electric shock generating the ability of the electric catfish to treat arthritis pain. Even an account of a 12th-century Arab physician mentions the electric properties of the electric catfish. Although the shock generated by the electric catfish are not known to be fatal to humans, large individuals are capable of stunning an adult human with an electric shock.

Electric Catfish

iii) Electric Eel:

The electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) is the only species in the Electrophorusgenus and is known for its ability to produce electricity. The fish live in the Amazon and Orinoco freshwater river basins in South America. Despite its name, the electric eel is not a true eel but a knifefish. The electric eel has an elongated scale-less cylindrical body with a dark gray-brown dorsal surface and yellow or orange undersides. It has a square mouth at the end of the snout.

The most interesting feature of the electric eel is the three pairs of abdominal organs that generate electricity. These are known as the main organ, Sach’s organ, and Hunter’s organ. Four-fifths of the body of the eel is occupied by these organs. With the help of these organs, the fish can generate both high and low voltage electricity. The electric organs are made of electrolytes and arranged in a manner that adds to a potential difference and allows a current of ions to flow.

The electric producing capacity of the electric eel is usually utilized to stun the prey of the species. Once the eel detects its prey, the brain transmits a signal via the nervous system to the electric organs. Ion channels are opened which allows the flow of sodium ions resulting in a momentary reversal of polarity. This generates a sudden potential difference and electric current. Although the electricity produced by an electric eel is only momentary and unlikely to prove fatal to humans due to the short duration of the discharge, human deaths have been known to occur. The electric current generated by the electric eel will produce a painful and numbing shock to those exposed to it. 

Electric Eel

iv) Black Ghost Knifefish:

The black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) inhabits the freshwater habitats of tropical waters in South America including the Amazon basin. The fish is named so for its all-black color except for a white blaze on the nose and two white rings on the tail. The fish is scale-less and grows to attain a maximum length of about 50 cm. The black ghost knifefish is also nocturnal and weakly electric. It possesses an electric organ, and electro-receptors are distributed all over its body. Thus, it is among the few animals that can both produce and sense electricity. The fish uses its electrogenic and electrosensing capabilities to locate insect larvae, its primary food. The fish also use these electrical properties to communicate with each other and also for electrolocation.

Black ghost knife fish

v) Northern Stargazer fish:

The northern stargazer (Astroscopus guttatus) is a fish that can be found on the eastern shores of the United States between New York and North Carolina. The fish can be found at depths of up to 120 feet. The blackish-brown body of the northern stargazer has white spots on the neck and back. It has a mouth that faces upwards which allows it to ambush prey while it remains well camouflaged in the sandy bottoms of the coastal waters. The northern stargazer is also able to generate electricity due to the presence of electric organs in the orbitae. The electric shock generated by the fish is used in hunting for prey and in self-defense.

Northern stargazer fish

vi) Platypuses: A platypus’ bill is covered in nearly 40,000 electricity sensors – or electroreceptors – arranged in a series of stripes, which helps them localize prey. All animals produce electric fields due to the activity of their nerves and muscles. So when the platypus digs in the bottom of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors detect these tiny currents, allowing it to tell living prey from inanimate objects.

Platypus

vii) Bees: A flower’s bright petals and fragrance aren’t the only things that attract bees. Flowers often experience a change in electric charge after they’ve been visited, so by sensing electric fields, bees can decide whether a flower is worth investigating (or if someone got there before them).

A Bee

viii) Geckos:

Have you ever wondered how geckos are able to climb smooth surfaces? The gecko's Spider-Man (Climbing) abilities are due in part to the electrostatic forces on the gecko's toe pads. The difference in charge between his feet and the surface he's climbing help the little guy stay anchored to the wall.

Gecko

ix) Spiders: 

Spiders coat their web with a special kind of glue that's attracted to charged particles (such as flying insects). The attraction is so strong that these lifeless webs will actually move forward to stick to flying prey. These webs are also attracted to airborne pollutants, meaning that spiders help make the air cleaner (WOW AMAZING) in addition to eradicating house pests.

Spider

x)Sharks: 

Sharks have specialized receptors on their snouts called ampullae of Lorenzini. These receptors help the shark detect electric fields given off by potential meals. This can come in handy in the deep blue sea, where prey may be far away or camouflaging themselves.

Shark

Written/Authored And Presented by: Sahidul Islam on the 15th Nov,2020 (https://vetuniverse.blogspot.com)

The Coral Reef Ecosystem

 The Coral Reef Ecosystems

 

Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and most beautiful ecosystems in the world. Coral polyps (Coelenterates, Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum Coelenterata ), the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, can take many forms: large reef-building colonies, graceful flowing fans, and even small, solitary organisms. Thousands of species of corals have been discovered; some live in warm, shallow, tropical seas and others in the cold, dark depths of the ocean.

Because of the diversity of life found in the habitats created by corals, reefs are often called the "rainforests of the sea." About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Fishes and other organisms shelter, find food, reproduce, and rear their young in the many nooks and crannies formed by corals. The Northwest Hawaiian Island coral reefs provide an example of the diversity of life associated with shallow-water reef ecosystems. This area supports more than 7,000 species of fishes, invertebrates, plants, sea turtles, birds, and marine mammals.

Coral characteristics:

Shallow water, reef-building corals have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in their tissues. The coral provides a protected environment and the compounds zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis. In return, the algae produce carbohydrates that the coral uses for food, as well as oxygen. The algae also help the coral remove waste. Since both partners benefit from the association, this type of symbiosis is called mutualism.

 Deep-sea corals live in much deeper or colder oceanic waters and lack zooxanthellae.  Their food habit is a bit different. They takes plankton and organic matter for much of their energy needs.

 Benefits of coral reef ecosystems:

Coral reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion and offer opportunities for recreation. They are also are a source of food and new medicines. Corals are popular as souvenirs, for home decor, and in costume jewelry, yet corals are living animals that eat, grow, and reproduce. It takes corals decades or longer to create reef structures, so leave corals and other marine life on the reef. Corals are already a gift. Don’t give them as presents. Please stop Giving Corals as a present. They are Living animals. They have Life. Try to enjoy their beauty from a distance. They are not stones. They have life. Corals have long been popular as souvenirs, for home decor, and in jewelry, but many consumers are unaware that these beautiful structures are made by living creatures. Fewer still realize that corals are dying off at alarming rates.

Threats to coral reef ecosystems and New Vision of Corals Importance:

 Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Many of these threats can stress corals, leading to coral bleaching and possible death, while others cause physical damage to these delicate ecosystems. During the 2014-2017 coral bleaching event, unusually warm waters (partially associated with a strong El Niño) affected 70% of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. Some areas were hit particularly hard, like the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where hundreds of miles of coral were bleached. Corals are able to recover from bleaching events if conditions improve before they die, though it can take many years for the ecosystems to fully heal. Scientists are also testing new ways to help coral reef ecosystems, such as growing coral in a nursery and then transplanting it to damaged areas. . They can use these organisms and ecosystems to teach many scientific concepts including symbiotic relationships, reproduction strategies, food webs, chemistry, biotic and abiotic interactions, human impacts, and more. Additionally, educators can use corals to teach about conservation and stewardship of the environment.

Photo Credits: Google

Watch this beautiful video of coral: https://youtu.be/nvq_lvC1MRY (You Tube link)

Authored by: Sahidul Islam